Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Criminology - Essay Example The critical criminologists believe that the marginalization and criminalization are highly integrated with each other. This may affect the mental state of the individuals under marginalization and some of them may indulge in any criminal activities. The marginalization may occur at individual level or at group or community level. The people with physical or mental disabilities are subjected to marginalization at individual level. This is against the basic principles of human rights and several nations have made their legislature to reduce or avoid this practice. The employers or organizations may consider the inclusion of disabled people as a stumbling block to the productivity. In this process, they indulge in marginalization which is unfair. Moreover, the companies must work with principle of equality and corporate social responsibility. Therefore, marginalization must be eradicated by the employers. The marginalization may also be found in community or group level in the form of women and aboriginal groups. When the people are subjected to colonialism, they will have to leave their place of residence and will be settling in new areas and during this process, they are marginalized to participate in any social functioning. Similarly, the women are subjected to marginalization as far as the employment in some organizations is concerned. Criminalization means a process of imposing a criminal penalty for the illegal act committed by any person. According to critical criminologists, it is a social process in which individual may undergo a transformation of their behavior to crime or violent act (Mc Laughlin et al., 2002). The origin of criminal behavior may be in the form of discrimination or victimization (Walklate, 1989). Criminalization may disrupt the social order, and hence the society requires legal order that controls the crime rate. Some times, the criminalization may be originated from lack of health safety measures due to which other persons in the soci ety get potential harm. For example, the defendant was sentenced to two year imprisonment under criminal law for being responsible for the transmission of Hepatitis B in UK (Mohanty, 2009). As mentioned earlier, critical criminologists argue that the criminalization may be originated due to distorted mental behavior when a person is subjected to marginalization in the society and having historical link with criminalization may be considered as a cause for marginalization (Walklate, 2003). Hence the criminalization and marginalization are correlated with each other. For example, the criminal history of the Black youth, the black cultural spaces were excluded from new playgrounds of the night time economy in UK (Talbot and Bose, 2007). Hence, in the control of crime rate in the society, the steps for reducing the marginalization would be of immense help. The thorough analysis of causes or factors of victimology would certainly help in reducing the menace of criminalization in the soci ety (Fattah, 1992). References Fattah, EA. 1992, The Need for a Critical Victimology, In Towards A Critical Victimology. Ezzat A. Fattah (ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publication, pp.  14–23. ISBN : 0-312-07551-0. Mc Laughlin, E., Muncie, J & Hughes, G. 2002, Criminological Perspectives: Essential Readings (Published in association with The Open University), Sage Publication, pp: 612, ISBN-10: 0761941444. Mohanty, K. 2009, â€Å"

Travel and Tourism Environment in Brazil Case Study

Travel and Tourism Environment in Brazil - Case Study Example During the 18th and 19th centuries, it became the commercial center for the rich sugar and cotton region along the zona da Mata west of Arcanum. Out at the Engenho Boa Sorte, two km from town along the river, is the baroque Igreja de Camandaroba, the second building that the Jesuits constructed back in 1731.Aracaju just may be the Cleveland of the Northeast. The city has little to offer the visitor-there is no colonial inheritance-and it is visually quite unattractive. Even beaches are below the prevailing high standard of the Brazilian Northeast. the Permanent Secretary relates to the activities and developments which have taken place in the period between the XVI Inter-American Travel Congress, which was held in Panama on November 25-28, 1991, and the XVII Congress. In this regard, it includes a summary report on the implementation of the resolutions of the XVI Congress, the activities of the Permanent Executive Committee (PEC), and developments relating to the General Secretariat's involvement in tourism related projects and activities. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED TOURISM ITINERARIES,ECOTOURISM,THE ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM,SHORT-TERM TRAINING IN ECOTOURISM FOR THE HOTEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY,THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM TOURISM,ATTRACTING ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF CONCESSIONARY CREDIT FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT,CRUISE TOURISM,FINANCING FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 2. Roles of government, private and international organizations in developing tourism (how the government is hThe Brazilian study is the first attempt to identify those national organizations that are Making grants for public benefit in Brazil. It provides many valuable insights into the origins and nature of these organizations and their capacity to mobilize and distribute resources and Suggests ways to increase their role and impact. The findings are based on a universe of 31Grant making foundations.elping, example: foreigner policies, duty free, taxation, relaxing policies for tourists).The study shows that over three quarters of all foundations operate their own programs in Addition to giving grants. One striking feature of the Brazilian context is that these programs Are frequently operated in partnership with other nonprofits, government programs, Community associations or corporations. Through such partnerships, which take many forms and also include donations, foundations test pilot programs, replicate successful initiative sand transfer business skills. It is significant that education is given a high priority by Brazilian foundations, constituting a Programmatic priority for 81% of foundations.5 the author suggests that this is largely because education is a popular cause with the public, represents a low risk and fits national Priorities, making it possible to leverage government resources. The Brazilian study shows that corporate grant makers are playing a key role in the creation ofa new professional culture of grant making and have introduced concepts and practices from The business sector into the management of their organizations. Program designed for staff member of Brazil's congress to observe education initiatives in the